Kodi malipiro ochepa ku America ndi otani? (Zosintha za 2024)

Timaphimba nkhani ya malipiro ochepa aku America ndikupereka zambiri za malipiro ochepa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku United States. Kodi malipiro ochepera ku USA ndi otani? Kodi malipiro ocheperako m'maiko aku America ndi otani? Nayi kuwunika kwamalipiro ochepera a United States ndi zonse.

Tisanalowe munkhani ya zomwe malipiro ochepa ali ku America, tiyeni tiwone izi. Mutha kuganiza kuti ngati mitengo ya inflation m'dziko ili yokwera komanso ndalama zadziko zikutsika mtengo, malipiro ochepa m'dzikolo amasintha pafupipafupi. Komabe, m'mayiko omwe ali ndi chuma champhamvu komanso ndalama zamtengo wapatali, malipiro ochepa samasintha nthawi zambiri.

Tikuwona kuti m'maiko ngati USA, malipiro ochepa sasintha nthawi zambiri. Tsopano tikupereka zambiri mwatsatanetsatane za malipiro ochepa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku United States (USA) kapena (USA).

Kodi malipiro ochepa ku America ndi otani?

Ku United States, malipiro ochepera pano ndi $7,25 (USD) pa ola limodzi. Malipiro ochepera olawa adatsimikizika mu 2019 ndipo akugwirabe ntchito kuyambira lero, ndiye kuti, kuyambira Marichi 2024. Ku America, ogwira ntchito amalandira malipiro osachepera $7,25 pa ola limodzi.

Mwachitsanzo, wogwira ntchito maola 8 patsiku amalandira malipiro a $58 patsiku. Wogwira ntchito masiku 20 pamwezi adzalandira malipiro a 1160 USD pamwezi.

Kubwereza mwachidule, malipiro ochepera a federal ndi $ 7,25 pa ola limodzi. Komabe, mayiko ena amakhazikitsa malamulo awoawo ocheperako, ndipo m'maiko ena malipiro ochepera amasiyana ndi malipiro ochepera a federal. Malipiro ochepera a boma ku America adalembedwa m'nkhani yonseyi.

Mayiko ambiri alinso ndi malamulo ochepera amalipiro. Kumene wogwira ntchito akutsatiridwa ndi malamulo onse a boma ndi boma, wogwira ntchitoyo ali ndi ufulu wolandira malipiro apamwamba pa awiriwo.

Zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi Federal Minimum Wage Wage zili mu Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). Bungwe la FLSA silimapereka chipukuta misozi kapena kusonkhetsa malipiro a wogwira ntchito nthawi zonse kapena zolonjezedwa kapena ma komisheni opitilira zomwe FLSA ikufuna. Komabe, mayiko ena ali ndi malamulo omwe zonena zotere (nthawi zina kuphatikiza zopindulitsa) zitha kupangidwa.

Dipatimenti ya Malipiro a Dipatimenti ya Ntchito ndi Ola imayang'anira ndikukhazikitsa malamulo a federal.

Zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi Federal Minimum Wage Wage zili mu Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). Malipiro ochepera a feduro ndi $24 pa ola kuyambira pa Julayi 2009, 7,25. Mayiko ambiri alinso ndi malamulo ochepera amalipiro. Malamulo ena a boma amapereka chitetezo chokulirapo kwa antchito; olemba ntchito akuyenera kutsatira zonse ziwiri.

FLSA sipereka njira zopezera malipiro a wogwira ntchito nthawi zonse kapena zolonjezedwa kapena ma komiti kuposa zomwe FLSA imafuna. Komabe, mayiko ena ali ndi malamulo omwe zonena zotere (nthawi zina kuphatikiza zopindulitsa) zitha kupangidwa.

Kodi malipiro ochepera a federal ku US ndi otani?

Pansi pa Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), malipiro ochepera a federal kwa ogwira ntchito osatulutsidwa ndi $24 pa ola kuyambira pa Julayi 2009, 7,25. Mayiko ambiri alinso ndi malamulo ochepera amalipiro. Ngati wogwira ntchito ali pansi pa malamulo onse a boma ndi federal, wogwira ntchitoyo ali ndi ufulu wolandira malipiro ochepa kwambiri.

Kukhululukidwa kwa malipiro ocheperako kumakhudza nthawi zina kwa ogwira ntchito olumala, ophunzira anthawi zonse, achinyamata osakwanitsa zaka 90 pamasiku 20 otsatizana a kalendala omwe amagwira ntchito, antchito olipidwa, ndi ophunzira ophunzira.

Kodi malipiro ochepa a ogwira ntchito ku America ndi otani?

Wolemba ntchito atha kulipira wogwira ntchitoyo ndalama zosachepera $2,13 pa ola limodzi ndi malipiro achindunji ngati ndalamazo kuphatikiza malangizo omwe alandilidwa ndi ofanana ndi malipiro ochepera a federal, wogwira ntchitoyo amakhalabe ndi malangizo onse, ndipo wogwira ntchitoyo amalandila nsonga zopitirira $30 pafupipafupi. pamwezi.. Ngati malangizo a wogwira ntchito sakufanana ndi malipiro ochepa a ola limodzi akaphatikizidwa ndi malipiro enieni a abwana osachepera $ 2,13 pa ola, abwana ayenera kupanga kusiyana.

Mayiko ena ali ndi malamulo ochepera amalipiro kwa ogwira ntchito omwe ali ndi ndalama zochepa. Pamene wogwira ntchito ali pansi pa malamulo onse a federal ndi boma, wogwira ntchitoyo ali ndi ufulu wopeza zopindulitsa za lamulo lililonse.

Kodi achinyamata ogwira ntchito ayenera kulipidwa malipiro ochepa?

Malipiro ochepera a $90 pa ola amagwira ntchito kwa achinyamata osakwanitsa zaka 20 kwa masiku 4,25 otsatizana a kalendala omwe amagwira ntchito kwa owalemba ntchito, pokhapokha ngati ntchito yawo ikuchotsa antchito ena. Pambuyo pa masiku 90 otsatizana a ntchito kapena wogwira ntchitoyo atakwanitsa zaka 20, zilizonse zomwe zimabwera poyamba, ayenera kulandira malipiro ochepa a $ 24 pa ola, kuyambira pa July 2009, 7,25.

Mapulogalamu ena omwe amalola kulipira ndalama zochepa kuposa malipiro ochepera a federal amagwira ntchito kwa anthu olumala, ophunzira anthawi zonse, ndi ophunzira omwe amalembedwa ntchito potsatira ziphaso zochepera. Mapulogalamuwa samangokhalira kulemba antchito achinyamata.

Ndi ndalama ziti zomwe zimaperekedwa ku America kwa ophunzira anthawi zonse?

Pulogalamu ya Ophunzira a Nthawi Zonse ndi ya ophunzira anthawi zonse omwe amagwira ntchito m'masitolo ogulitsa kapena othandizira, ulimi, kapena ku makoleji ndi mayunivesite. Olemba ntchito omwe amalemba ntchito ophunzira atha kupeza satifiketi kuchokera ku Unduna wa Zantchito yomwe imalola wophunzirayo kulipidwa ndalama zosachepera 85% ya malipiro ochepera. 

Satifiketiyi imachepetsanso maola omwe wophunzira amatha kugwira ntchito mpaka maola 8 patsiku, maola 20 pa sabata sukulu ikayamba, kapena maola 40 pa sabata sukulu ikatsekedwa, ndipo imafuna kuti olemba anzawo ntchito azitsatira malamulo onse okhudza ntchito ya ana. . Ophunzira akamaliza maphunziro kapena kusiya sukulu yonse, ayenera kulipidwa $24 pa ola limodzi, kuyambira pa Julayi 2009, 7,25.

Kodi malipiro ochepera a federal amakwera bwanji ku America?

Malipiro ochepa samangowonjezereka. Kuti awonjezere malipiro ochepa, a Congress akuyenera kupereka chikalata chomwe Purezidenti adzasaina.

Ndani amaonetsetsa kuti ogwira ntchito akulipidwa malipiro ochepa ku USA?

Dipatimenti ya US Department of Labor's Wage and Hour Division ili ndi udindo wokhazikitsa malipiro ochepa. Bungwe la Wage and Hour Division limagwira ntchito yowonetsetsa kuti ogwira ntchito akulipidwa malipiro ochepa, pogwiritsa ntchito zokakamiza komanso zophunzitsa anthu.

Kodi malipiro ochepa akugwira ntchito kwa ndani ku America?

Lamulo lochepera la malipiro (FLSA) limagwira ntchito kwa ogwira ntchito m'mabizinesi omwe amagulitsa pachaka kapena kubweza ndalama zosachepera $500.000. Zimagwiranso ntchito kwa ogwira ntchito m'makampani ang'onoang'ono ngati ogwira nawo ntchito akuchita malonda apakati pa mayiko kapena kupanga zinthu zogulitsa malonda, monga ogwira ntchito m'makampani oyendetsa kapena olankhulana kapena kugwiritsa ntchito makalata kapena foni pafupipafupi polumikizana ndi mayiko. 

Anthu ena, monga alonda, oyang'anira nyumba, ndi ogwira ntchito yokonza, omwe amagwira ntchito zogwirizana kwambiri ndi zomwe zimafunidwa ndi zochitika zapakati pazigawozi amathandizidwanso ndi FLSA. Izi zimagwiranso ntchito kwa ogwira ntchito ku federal, boma, kapena mabungwe aboma, zipatala, ndi masukulu, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimagwiranso ntchito kwa ogwira ntchito zapakhomo.

FLSA ili ndi zokhululukidwa zingapo ku malipiro ochepa omwe angagwire ntchito kwa antchito ena.

Nanga bwanji ngati malamulo a boma amafuna malipiro ochepa kuposa malamulo a federal?

Pamene malamulo a boma amafuna malipiro ochepa kwambiri, muyeso wapamwambawu umagwira ntchito.

Kodi ku America kumagwira ntchito maola angati pa sabata?

Ku United States, sabata yogwira ntchito ndi maola 40. Olemba ntchito ayenera kulipira malipiro owonjezera kwa ogwira ntchito pa ntchito yoposa maola 40.

Ogwira ntchito aku America opitilira 143 miliyoni amatetezedwa kapena kutetezedwa ndi FLSA, mokakamizidwa ndi US Department of Labor's Wage and Hour Division.

Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) imakhazikitsa malipiro ochepa, malipiro owonjezera, kusunga zolemba, ndi miyeso ya ntchito ya achinyamata yomwe imakhudza ogwira ntchito nthawi zonse ndi anthawi yochepa m'maboma a Federal, State, ndi maboma. FLSA imafuna kuti onse ogwira ntchito komanso osatulutsidwa azilipidwa malipiro ochepera a Federal. Malipiro owonjezera a nthawi yosachepera kuŵirikiza kamodzi ndi theka malipiro anthaŵi zonse ayenera kulipidwa pa ola zonse zimene munthu wazaka zoposa 40 wagwira ntchito pamlungu.

Kodi malipiro ochepera a achinyamata ku America ndi angati?

Malipiro ochepera achinyamata amaloledwa ndi FLSA Gawo 1996(g), monga momwe zasinthidwa ndi 6 FLSA Amendments. Lamulo limafuna kuti olemba anzawo ntchito azilemba ganyu antchito osakwanitsa zaka 20 kwa nthawi yochepa (masiku ogwirira ntchito) atalembedwa ntchito koyamba. osati , masiku a kalendala 90) amalola mitengo yotsika. Munthawi yamasiku 90 iyi, ogwira ntchito oyenerera atha kulipidwa malipiro aliwonse opitilira $4,25 paola.

Ndani angalipire malipiro ochepa kwa achinyamata?

Ogwira ntchito osakwanitsa zaka 20 okha ndi omwe angalipidwe malipiro ochepera a achinyamata, ndipo pokhapokha pamasiku 90 otsatizana a kalendala atalembedwa ntchito ndi owalemba ntchito.

Kodi malipiro ochepera anali otani ku America zaka zam'mbuyo?

Mu 1990, Congress inakhazikitsa malamulo oti akhazikitse malamulo opereka mwayi wapadera kwa akatswiri ena odziwa bwino ntchito zamakompyuta omwe amalandira ndalama zosachepera 6 ndi theka kuposa malipiro ochepera.

Kusintha kwa 1996 kunakweza malipiro ochepera kufika $1 pa ola pa October 1996, 4,75, ndi $1 pa ola pa September 1997, 5,15. Zosinthazi zidakhazikitsanso malipiro ochepera a achinyamata kukhala $20 pa ola la ogwira ntchito atsopano osakwana zaka 4,25. Masiku oyambirira a kalendala 90 atalembedwa ntchito ndi abwana awo; amawunikanso mfundo zangongole kuti alole olemba anzawo ntchito kulipira antchito oyenerera osachepera $2,13 pa ola ngati alandila zotsala zamalipiro ocheperako; imayika mayeso oyenerera amalipiro a ola limodzi kwa ogwira ntchito okhudzana ndi makompyuta pa $27,63 pa ola limodzi.

Adasinthidwa Lamulo la Portal to Portal kuti alole olemba anzawo ntchito ndi ogwira ntchito kuti agwirizane pakugwiritsa ntchito magalimoto operekedwa ndi olemba anzawo ntchito popita ndi kuchokera kuntchito kumayambiriro ndi kumapeto kwa tsiku lantchito.

Zosintha za 2007 zidakweza malipiro ochepa kufika $24 pa ola kuyambira pa July 2007, 5,85; $24 pa ola kuyambira pa July 2008, 6,55; ndi $24 pa ola, kuyambira pa July 2009, 7,25. Kupereka kosiyana kwa biluyo kumayambitsa kuwonjezereka kwapang'onopang'ono kwa malipiro ochepa ku Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands ndi American Samoa.

Malipiro ochepera a Federal pantchito yomwe idachitika pasanafike pa Julayi 24, 2007 ndi $5,15 pa ola limodzi.
Malipiro ochepera a Federal pantchito yomwe adagwira kuyambira pa Julayi 24, 2007 mpaka pa Julayi 23, 2008 ndi $5,85 pa ola limodzi.
Malipiro ochepera a Federal pantchito yomwe adagwira kuyambira pa Julayi 24, 2008 mpaka pa Julayi 23, 2009 ndi $6,55 pa ola limodzi.
Malipiro ochepera a Federal pantchito yomwe idachitika pa Julayi 24, 2009 kapena pambuyo pake ndi $7,25 pa ola limodzi.

Nthawi zambiri, ntchito zomwe zimafuna maphunziro apamwamba ndi luso zimapeza malipiro apamwamba kuposa ntchito zomwe zimafuna luso lochepa komanso maphunziro ochepa. Ziwerengero za Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) za Dipatimenti Yogwira Ntchito (BLS) zimatsimikizira izi, zikuwulula kuti chiwerengero cha kusowa kwa ntchito pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi madigiri a ntchito ndi otsika kwambiri kusiyana ndi omwe ali ndi diploma ya sekondale kapena omwe sanamalize maphunziro a kusekondale. Komanso, pamene mlingo wa maphunziro wa wogwira ntchito ukuwonjezeka, malipiro ake amawonjezeka kwambiri.

Kodi malipiro ochepera a boma ku America ndi ati?

Alabama Minimum Wage

Boma lilibe lamulo la malipiro ochepa.

Olemba ntchito omwe ali pansi pa Fair Labor Standards Act akuyenera kulipira malipiro ochepera a Federal a $7,25 pa ola limodzi.

Malipiro ochepera a Alaska

Malipiro Ochepa Ochepa (ola lililonse): $11,73

Malipiro a Premium Pambuyo pa Maola Odziwika 1: Tsiku lililonse - 8, Sabata lililonse - 40

Pansi pa dongosolo la maola ogwira ntchito modzifunira lomwe lavomerezedwa ndi Alaska Department of Labor, maola 10 pa tsiku ndi maola 10 pa sabata ndikulipira koyambirira kumatha kuyambika pambuyo pa maola 40 patsiku.

Zofunikira za malipiro owonjezera tsiku lililonse kapena sabata iliyonse sizigwira ntchito kwa olemba anzawo ntchito omwe ali ndi antchito osakwana 4.

Malipiro ochepera amasinthidwa chaka chilichonse malinga ndi ndondomeko yeniyeni.

Arizona

Malipiro Ochepa Ochepa (ola lililonse): $14,35

Malipiro ochepera aku California

Malipiro Ochepa Ochepa (ola lililonse): $16,00

Ntchito yogwira ntchito yopitilira maola asanu ndi atatu pa tsiku la ntchito, maola opitilira 40 pamlungu, kapena mkati mwa maola asanu ndi atatu oyamba akugwira ntchito pa tsiku lachisanu ndi chiwiri la ntchito mu sabata iliyonse yantchito imawerengedwa pamlingo wa nthawi imodzi ndi theka la malipiro. . malipiro anthawi zonse. Ntchito iliyonse yoposa maola 12 pa tsiku limodzi kapena maola asanu ndi atatu pa tsiku lachisanu ndi chiwiri la mlungu wa ntchito idzalipidwa pa mlingo wosachepera kuwirikiza kawiri ntchito yokhazikika. Gawo 510 la California Labor Code. Kupatulapo kumagwira ntchito kwa wantchito amene akugwira ntchito motsatira mlungu wa ntchito womwe amavomerezedwa pansi pa magawo oyenerera a Labor Code komanso nthawi yomwe amathera ponyamuka kupita kuntchito. (Onani nkhani ya Labor Code 510 kuti musankhepo).

Malipiro ochepera adzasinthidwa chaka chilichonse motsatira ndondomeko inayake.

Malipiro ochepera a Colorado

Malipiro Ochepa Ochepa (ola lililonse): $14,42

Malipiro a Premium Pambuyo pa Maola Odziwika 1: Tsiku lililonse - 12, Sabata lililonse - 40

Malipiro ochepera aku Florida

Malipiro Ochepa Ochepa (ola lililonse): $12,00

Malipiro ochepera amasinthidwa chaka chilichonse malinga ndi ndondomeko yeniyeni. Malipiro ochepera aku Florida akuyembekezeka kukwera ndi $ 30 Seputembara 2026 iliyonse mpaka ifike $ 15,00 pa Seputembara 30, 1,00.

Malipiro ochepera ku Hawaii

Malipiro Ochepa Ochepa (ola lililonse): $14,00

Malipiro a Premium Pambuyo pa Maola Odziwika 1: Mlungu uliwonse - 40

Wogwira ntchito amene amalandira chipukuta misozi cha $2.000 kapena kuposerapo pamwezi samasulidwa ku lamulo la Boma lolandira malipiro ocheperako komanso nthawi yowonjezera.

Ogwira ntchito zapakhomo amayenera kulandira malipiro ochepa ku Hawaii komanso nthawi yowonjezera. Bill 248, Gawo Lokhazikika la 2013.

Lamulo la boma silimaphatikizapo ntchito iliyonse yomwe ili pansi pa federal Fair Labor Standards Act pokhapokha ngati malipiro a boma ndi aakulu kuposa mlingo wa federal.

Malipiro ochepera a Kentucky

Malipiro Ochepa Ochepa (ola lililonse): $7,25

Malipiro Oyambirira Pambuyo pa Maola Odziwika 1: Mlungu uliwonse - 40, Tsiku la 7

Lamulo la 7th day overtime, lomwe ndi losiyana ndi lamulo lochepera la malipiro ochepera, limafuna olemba anzawo ntchito omwe amalola ogwira ntchito omwe ali ndi ndalama zambiri kuti azigwira ntchito masiku asanu ndi awiri pa sabata iliyonse yantchito kuti alipire wogwira ntchito theka la maola omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito pa tsiku lachisanu ndi chiwiri. ogwira ntchito masiku asanu ndi awiri pa sabata. Lamulo la owonjezera pa tsiku la 40 siligwira ntchito ngati wogwira ntchito saloledwa kugwira ntchito maola opitilira 7 mkati mwa sabata.

Ngati mulingo wa feduro ndi wapamwamba kuposa wa Boma, Boma limatenga gawo lochepera la malipiro a federal ngati chiwongolero.

Malipiro ochepera a Mississippi

Boma lilibe lamulo la malipiro ochepa.

Olemba ntchito omwe ali pansi pa Fair Labor Standards Act akuyenera kulipira malipiro ochepera a Federal a $7,25 pa ola limodzi.

Malipiro ochepera a Montana

Mabizinesi omwe amagulitsa chaka chilichonse kuposa $110.000

Malipiro Ochepa Ochepa (ola lililonse): $10,30

Malipiro a Premium Pambuyo pa Maola Odziwika 1: Mlungu uliwonse - 40

Mabizinesi omwe amagulitsa ndalama zonse pachaka $110.000 kapena kuchepera zomwe sizikukhudzidwa ndi Fair Labor Standards Act.

Malipiro Ochepa Ochepa (ola lililonse): $4,00

Malipiro a Premium Pambuyo pa Maola Odziwika 1: Mlungu uliwonse - 40

Bizinesi yomwe siyikukhudzidwa ndi federal Fair Labor Standards Act ndipo ili ndi zogulitsa zapachaka zokwana $110.000 kapena kuchepera ikhoza kulipira $4,00 pa ola limodzi. Komabe, ngati wogwira ntchito payekha akupanga kapena kunyamula katundu pakati pa mayiko kapena ali ndi lamulo la federal Fair Labor Standards Act, wogwira ntchitoyo ayenera kulipidwa malipiro ochepera a federal kapena malipiro ochepera a Montana, kaya ndi apamwamba.

Malipiro ochepera ku New York

Base Minimum Wage (ola lililonse): $15,00; $16,00 (New York City, Nassau County, Suffolk County ndi Westchester County)

Malipiro a Premium Pambuyo pa Maola Odziwika 1: Mlungu uliwonse - 40

Malipiro ochepera ku New York ndi ofanana ndi malipiro ochepera a federal akayikidwa pansi pa federal rate.

Pansi pa malamulo atsopano a malo ogona, ogwira ntchito omwe akukhalamo ("ogwira ntchito") tsopano ali ndi ufulu wolandira nthawi yowonjezera ya maola opitilira maola 44 pa sabata la malipiro, m'malo mwa zofunikira za maola 40 zapitazo. Chifukwa chake, maola owonjezera a ogwira ntchito osatulutsidwa tsopano ndi maola opitilira 40 pa sabata la malipiro.

Olemba ntchito omwe amagwira ntchito m'mafakitole, malo ogulitsa, mahotela, malo odyera, zokwezera zonyamula katundu/zokwera anthu kapena malo owonetseramo masewero; kapena m’nyumba imene alonda, oyeretsa, oyang’anira, mamenejala, mainjiniya kapena ozimitsa moto amagwira ntchito, maola 24 otsatizana opuma ayenera kuperekedwa mlungu uliwonse. Ogwira ntchito zapakhomo ali ndi ufulu wopuma mosadodometsedwa kwa maola 24 pa sabata ndi kulandira malipiro a premium ngati agwira ntchito panthawiyi.

Malipiro ochepera a Oklahoma

Olemba ntchito omwe ali ndi antchito anthawi zonse khumi kapena kupitilira pamalo aliwonse, kapena olemba anzawo ntchito omwe amagulitsa ndalama zonse pachaka kuposa $100.000, posatengera kuchuluka kwa ogwira ntchito nthawi zonse.

Malipiro Ochepa Ochepa (ola lililonse): $7,25

Olemba ntchito ena onse

Malipiro Ochepa Ochepa (ola lililonse): $2,00

Lamulo la malipiro ochepera a boma la Oklahoma silimaphatikizapo ndalama zomwe zilipo panopa. M'malo mwake, boma limatenga malipiro ochepera a federal ngati chiwongolero.

Malipiro ochepera a Puerto Rico

Izi zikugwira ntchito kwa ogwira ntchito onse omwe ali ndi lamulo la federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), kupatula ogwira ntchito zaulimi ndi zamatauni ndi ogwira ntchito ku State of Puerto Rico.

Malipiro Ochepa Ochepa (ola lililonse): $9,50

Malipiro ochepera adzakwera mpaka $1 pa ola pa Julayi 2024, 10,50, pokhapokha Boma la Federal litapereka lamulo losintha ndalamazo.

Malipiro ochepera a Washington

Malipiro Ochepa Ochepa (ola lililonse): $16,28

Malipiro a Premium Pambuyo pa Maola Odziwika 1: Mlungu uliwonse - 40

Malipiro a bonasi sapezeka kwa ogwira ntchito omwe amapempha tchuthi cholipirira m'malo mwa malipiro a bonasi.

Malipiro ochepera amasinthidwa chaka chilichonse malinga ndi ndondomeko yeniyeni.

gwero: https://www.dol.gov